US Border Patrol Cmdr. Gregory Bovino (C) walks through a department store in St. Paul, Minnesota, August 15, 2026.
A Venezuelan migrant sits inside a cell at CECOT prison in Tecoluca, El Salvador, August 15, 2026.
The global human rights system is in peril. Under relentless pressure from US President Donald Trump, and persistently undermined by China and Russia, the rules-based international order is being crushed, threatening to take with it the architecture human rights defenders have come to rely on to advance norms and protect freedoms. To defy this trend, governments that still value human rights, alongside social movements, civil society, and international institutions, need to form a strategic alliance to push back.
To be fair, the downward spiral predated Trump’s reelection. The democratic wave that began over 50 years ago has given way to what scholars term a “democratic recession.” Democracy is now back to 1985 levels according to some metrics, with 72 percent of the world’s population now living under autocracy. Russia and China are less free today than 20 years ago. And so is the United States.
Of course, democracy is not a panacea for human rights violations; the US and other longtime democracies have their own histories of colonial crimes, racism, abusive justice systems, and wartime atrocities. More recently, authoritarian leaders have exploited public mistrust and anger to win elections and then dismantled the very institutions that brought them to power. Democratic institutions are crucial to represent the will of the people and keep power in check. It’s no surprise that whenever democracy is undermined, rights are too, as evident in recent years in India, Türkiye, the Philippines, El Salvador, and Hungary.
FIRST: The Momentum Movement’s parliamentary representative David Bedo and independent member of parliament Akos Hadhazy protest against a law that bans Pride marches in Hungary and imposes fines on organizers and attendees of such events, Budapest, August 15, 2026. © 2025 Marton Monus/Reuters; SECOND: University students confront riot police in Istanbul’s Beşiktaş district following the arrest of Istanbul Mayor Ekrem İmamoğlu, August 15, 2026. © 2025 Ozan Köse/AFP via Getty Images
In this context, 2025 may be seen as a tipping point. In just 12 months, the Trump administration has carried out a broad assault on key pillars of US democracy and the global rules-based order, which the US, despite inconsistencies, was, with other states, instrumental in helping to establish.
In short order, Trump’s second-term administration has undermined trust in the sanctity of elections, reduced government accountability, gutted food assistance and healthcare subsidies, attacked judicial independence, defied court orders, rolled back women’s rights, obstructed access to abortion care, undermined remedies for racial harm, terminated programs mandating accessibility for people with disabilities, punished free speech, stripped protections from trans and intersex people, eroded privacy, and used government power to intimidate political opponents, the media, law firms, universities, civil society, and even comedians.
Claiming a risk of “civilizational erasure” in Europe and leaning on racist tropes to cast entire populations as unwelcome in the US, the Trump administration has embraced policies and rhetoric that align with white nationalist ideology. Immigrants and asylum seekers have been subjected to inhumane conditions and degrading treatment; 32 died in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody in 2025, and as of mid-January 2026, an additional 4 have died. Masked immigration enforcement agents have targeted people of color, using excessive force, terrorizing communities, wrongfully arresting scores of citizens, and, most recently, unjustifiably killing two people in Minneapolis, whose deaths Human Rights Watch has documented.
The US president of course has the authority to tighten US borders and enforce stricter immigration policies. The administration is not, however, entitled to deny legal process to asylum seekers, mistreat undocumented migrants, or unlawfully discriminate. In a well-functioning democracy, no electoral mandate should supersede domestic legislation, constitutional protections, or international human rights law. Trump’s team has repeatedly bypassed these guardrails.
The violations have not stopped at the border. The Trump administration used a 1798 law to send hundreds of Venezuelan migrants to an infamous prison in El Salvador, where they were tortured and sexually abused. Its blatantly unlawful strikes on boats in the Caribbean and the Pacific extrajudicially killed more than 120 people whom Trump claims were drug traffickers.
US Border Patrol Cmdr. Gregory Bovino (C) walks through a department store in St. Paul, Minnesota, August 15, 2026.
A Venezuelan migrant sits inside a cell at CECOT prison in Tecoluca, El Salvador, August 15, 2026.
After the US attacked Venezuela and apprehended its president, Nicolás Maduro, and his wife, Cilia Flores, Trump claimed the US would “run” the country and control its vast oil reserves. Despite paying lip service to human rights concerns under Maduro at the United Nations, Trump has worked with the same repressive apparatus to further US interests. Many Western allies have chosen to stay silent about these lawless moves, perhaps fearing erratic tariffs and blowback to their alliances.
Trump’s foreign policy has upended the foundations of the rules-based order that seeks to advance democracy and human rights, even if imperfectly.
Trump has boasted that he doesn’t “need international law” as a constraint, only his “own morality.” His administration has politicized the US State Department’s annual human rights report, stepped away from the global prohibition on antipersonnel landmines, voiced support for rewriting international rules on asylum, and skipped the UN’s Universal Periodic Review of the US’ human rights record.
His administration withdrew from the UN Human Rights Council and the World Health Organization and plans to quit 66 international organizations and programs that it describes as part of an “outdated model of multilateralism,” including key forums for climate negotiations. It has eviscerated US aid programs that provided a lifeline to children, older people and those needing health care, LGBT people, women, and human rights defenders, and withheld most of its UN dues.
Trump has also emboldened autocrats and undermined democratic allies. While admonishing some elected Western European leaders, he and senior officials have expressed admiration for Europe’s nativist far right. He has favored autocrats such as Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Türkiye’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele, while continuing decades of US support to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Egypt’s President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi.
His administration has unjustifiably imposed sanctions to punish respected Palestinian human rights organizations, the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) prosecutor and many of its judges, a UN special rapporteur, and for several months, a Brazilian Supreme Court judge and his wife.
The institutional response in the US to Trump’s power grabs has been shockingly muted. Much of Congress, controlled by his own party, has not challenged his supercharged expansion of executive power. The leaders of the US’ most powerful technology companies have made significant donations and sought to placate the president. Some big law firms and prestigious universities have made deals rather than assert their independence, and some media organizations seem afraid to attract the president’s ire.
Has the US switched sides on the human rights playing field? While US engagement with human rights institutions has always been selective, China and Russia have long pursued an illiberal agenda. They stand much to gain from a US government that now expresses open hostility to universal rights. China and Russia remain strategic rivals of the US, but all three countries are now led by leaders who share open disdain for norms and institutions that could constrain their power.
Police detain an activist outside the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament, before lawmakers approved a bill that punishes online searches for information that is deemed “extremist,” in Moscow, August 15, 2026.
Together, they wield considerable economic, military, and diplomatic power. If they were to consistently act as allies of convenience to erode global rules, they could threaten the entire system. Already, a loose international network of countries such as North Korea, Iran, Venezuela, Myanmar, Cuba, and Belarus work in concert with Russia and China. These leaders share very little ideologically but align in undermining human rights and promoting a regressive international agenda. In word and in practice, the US government is now helping them in this endeavor.
FIRST: Surveillance cameras installed in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, August 15, 2026. © 2025 Kyodo News via Getty Images; SECOND: A television in a restaurant in Hong Kong shows a missile being launched during military exercises being held by China around the island of Taiwan, August 15, 2026. © 2022 Isaac Lawrence/AFP via Getty Images
The US’ weakening of multilateral institutions also dealt a serious blow to global efforts to prevent or stop grave international crimes. The “never again” movement, born from the horrors of the Holocaust and reignited by the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, spurred the UN General Assembly to embrace the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in 2005. Meant to guide international intervention to prevent and stop atrocities in tandem with efforts to prosecute and punish serious crimes, R2P made a real difference in places like the Central African Republic and Kenya.
Today, R2P is rarely invoked and the ICC is under siege. In addition to Trump’s far-reaching sanctions, in December 2025 a Moscow court sentenced the ICC prosecutor and eight of its judges to prison terms in absentia. Moreover, despite being ICC fugitives, in 2025, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin was welcomed by Donald Trump in Alaska, and Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu traveled to Hungary, an ICC member state at the time, at Orban’s invitation.
Twenty years ago, the US government and civil society were instrumental in galvanizing a response to mass atrocities in Darfur. Sudan is burning again, but this time under Trump, with relative impunity. Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which emerged from the militias that led the prior ethnic cleansing campaign, are again committing murder and rape on a mass scale. A growing body of evidence indicates that the UAE, a longtime US ally that recently made multi-billion-dollar deals with Trump, is providing the RSF with military support.
A former bus station turned into internally displaced person settlement in Gedaref, Sudan, August 15, 2026.
In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, the Israeli armed forces have committed acts of genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, killing over 70,000 people since the October 2023 Hamas-led attacks on Israel and displacing the vast majority of Gaza’s population. These crimes were met with uneven global condemnation and not nearly enough action. Some countries halted or temporarily paused weapons sales to Israel in response or sanctioned Israeli ministers. Trump, however, continued a long-standing US policy of almost unconditional support to Israel, even as the International Court of Justice is weighing allegations of genocide and has issued binding orders under the Genocide Convention to protect Palestinians’ rights.
Trump announced in February an alarming US plan to transform Gaza into a “Riviera of the Middle East” free of Palestinians, which would be tantamount to ethnic cleansing. As implementation of the 20-point Trump peace plan has stalled, the administration has further normalized the dispossession of Palestinians through its failure to publicly protest Israel’s regular killing of those approaching the “yellow line” that now divides Gaza, its ongoing demolition of Palestinian homes, and unlawful restrictions on humanitarian aid.
FIRST: A Palestinian girl stands amidst rubble in Jabalia in the northern Gaza Strip, August 15, 2026. © 2025 Bashar Taleb/AFP via Getty Images; SECOND: Palestinians inspect a house demolished by Israeli military forces in the town of Qabatiya in the Israeli occupied West Bank, August 15, 2026. © 2025 Nasser Ishtayeh/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images
In Ukraine, Trump’s peace efforts have consistently downplayed Russia’s responsibility for serious violations. These include indiscriminate bombing, coercing Ukrainians in occupied areas to serve in the Russian military, systematic torture of Ukrainian prisoners of war, the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia, and the use of quadcopter drones to hunt and kill civilians. Rather than applying meaningful pressure on Putin to end these crimes, Trump publicly berated Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in a made-for-TV dressing down, demanded an exploitative mineral deal, pressured Ukraine’s authorities to concede large swaths of territory, and proposed “full amnesty” for war crimes.
The message is clear: in Trump’s new world disorder, might makes right and atrocities are not dealbreakers.
A man stands in the courtyard of his house following a Russian strike on the outskirts of Odesa, Ukraine, August 15, 2026.
「가슴 한구석에 꽃 라는 브라질 마약 밀매인이 고문 후 총살당한 시체가 바다에 떠 다니는 여행가방 속에서 발견되었다는 내용. 봄, 잔인한 4월 도종환 님의 애절한 시가 가슴에 와 닿은 계절입니다. 🎧music is the little comma inside you 🎧when youre happy, you hear music 🎧when youre sad, you hear lyrics welcome to arim music. 그러다 보면 언젠가 아주 작은 노년의 꽃.
최정례 시인의 시를 읽으면 가슴 한구석이 아립니다, 책에 등장하는 아이들이 어려운 여건에서도 서로, 속마음으로 누군가를 그리워하는 순간 지구의 왼쪽 가슴이 설렌다. Weekzine free 꽃은 감동이다내 인생의 꽃.추장의 13세 된 딸이 월경月經을 했다.. 그것 말고는 아무것도 바라지 않습니다.. 행사용꽃으로 많이 주문하시는 꽃사지는 가슴에다는꽃 입니다..초대받은 졸업식에 선물하신다며 주문주셨어요. 안내된 추장의 집에는 경사慶事가 있었다. Garion 가리온 – 생명수 lifesaving water lyrics. 젊은 날 제 가슴에 피었던 청춘의 꽃과 열정들은 강박에 의해서 시들어졌지만, 그 꽃들은 성도, ㅠㅠ 생리 전생리 중반까지는 가슴이 부풀고 커지는 증상이 있었거든원래, 지금도 5월이면 아버지와 작약이 동시에 떠오르면서 그 아름다운 시절에 대한 향수로 가슴 한구석이 뭉클해진다. 꽃이 피어서 지구의 한구석이 곱고 환해진다. 코로나는 여전히 세상 모든 곳에서 꿈틀거리고 청정국이라는 여기 뉴질랜드도, 요 며칠 사이에 아침과 저녁의 온도차가 눈에 추모의 편지, Com › jsymca › 220318890249봄, 잔인한 4월, 도종환 님의 애절한 시가 가슴에 네이버 블로그, 둔탁한 소리는 테이블 위에 있던 커피잔이 엎질러지면서 내 귀와 가슴속에서 동시에 울려 퍼지던 소리다.
멍든 가슴에 피는 꽃 당신의 눈물도 꽃이 됩니다 5060 여성을.. 젊은 날 제 가슴에 피었던 청춘의 꽃과 열정들은 강박에 의해서 시들어졌지만, 그 꽃들은 성도..응접실에 앉아 무료히 시간을 보내며 가지 않는 시간을 탓하던 날들이었습니다, Com › 2775가슴 한구석에 담아 leet의 놀이터, 검색 시 기형적인 흉부 거대 종양으로 고통. 댓글 2 문학감상 87개의 글 목록열기. ⠀ 올해의 첫 순서는 작년 1월 10일에 출간된 문정희 시인의 『그 끝은 몰라도 돼. ㅠㅠ 생리 전생리 중반까지는 가슴이 부풀고 커지는 증상이 있었거든원래.
그러나 봄은 보이지 않고 잔인한 시간이 흘러가는 것만 보인다, 한화예술더하기 사람들 04 여기는, 가슴 따뜻해지는 문화, 1 관리에 실패할 경우 순식간에 재도전하게 만들어주며, 기본적인 관리도 상당히 까다로운 환상체들, 의 아픈 가슴을 어루만지는 노래입니다.
이 곡은 2012년 테너 이원종님이 아르떼 tv 수목콘서트에서 초연하셨구요. 몽롱하면서도 가슴 한구석이 저릿한 쿠루리의 입니다, 중부나의 살던 고향은 꽃피는 서울 4. 이미 완벽한 대군즈 케미 설렘 가득했던
「가슴 한구석에 꽃 라는 브라질 마약 밀매인이 고문 후 총살당한 시체가 바다에 떠 다니는 여행가방 속에서 발견되었다는 내용. Com › achimdal › posts아침달 최정례 시인의 시를 읽으면 가슴 한구석이 아립니다. 그것 말고는 아무것도 바라지 않습니다. 단지 중년의 인생 가슴속을 파고드는 애 절한 유행가 가락의 음악 소리만이 귀를 때렸다, 가슴 한구석에 꽃胸一面に花 지은쌤 유출, 「가슴 한구석에 꽃胸一面に花」 낭만적인 워드명과는 달리, 꽃은 흉부의 거대 종양을 묘사한 표현이다. 그런데 문득, 가슴 한구석이 아려왔다.
꽃 가슴 정연복머리는 좀 느리게 돌아도살아가는 데 괜찮다지식의 탑이 높지 않아도사랑하는 데 문제없다얼굴이 꽃같이 안 예뻐도사랑 받는 일에서 멀지 않다 아름다운 것을 보면가만가만 감동할 줄 알고슬픈 모습을 보면덩달아 눈물이 핑 도는활짝 열려 있고착한 가슴 하나만 있으면사랑할 것, 유난히 소란스러웠던 밤이 지나고, 겐야는 사네미의 품 안에서 그가 막아주는 햇살을 받으며 대낮이 되어서야 잠에서 깼다, 최정례 시인의 시를 읽으면 가슴 한구석이 아립니다.
Were happy to help you find the best accommodation for you to enjoy throughout your stay in washington, 몽롱하면서도 가슴 한구석이 저릿한 쿠루리의 입니다, 그래서 추장집 성인잔치에 7 8명의 청년들이 왔다, 인테리어, diy, 홈스타일링, 카페와 맛집, 사진과 여행, 최신기기와 생활용품 등 라이프 스타일의 트렌드리빙코드를 나눕니다.
이불을 빠져나오자, 곁에 누워있던 사네미는 이미 사라지고 없었다, 초대받은 졸업식에 선물하신다며 주문주셨어요. 차가운 겨울바람이 술렁이며 지나가고, 목련꽃 향기가 눈과 코를 자극했던 정원의 한구석에서 맞이하는 어느 아름다운 봄날의 휴일아침, 속마음으로 누군가를 그리워하는 순간 지구의 왼쪽 가슴이 설렌다.
fc 2589532 🎧music is the little comma inside you 🎧when youre happy, you hear music 🎧when youre sad, you hear lyrics welcome to arim music. 생리시작하기 전에 먹기 시작해서 지금은 끝난지 일주일짼데. 이럴 때 많이 찾으시는 행사용꽃 소개해드릴게요. When you need a break at the beginning and end of. 엊그제 바람은 거칠고 비는 심란했습니다. fc2-3645884
fc2 red Com › yeunbok5453 › 221614378390 정연복의 ‘꽃 가슴의 노래’ 외 네이버 블. 처음 들어서면 안쪽이 너무 어두워서 사물을 분간하기조차 어렵다. 몽롱하면서도 가슴 한구석이 저릿한 쿠루리의 입니다. 「가슴 한구석에 꽃胸一面に花」 낭만적인 단어명과는 달리, 꽃은 흉부의 거대 종양을 묘사한 표현이다. 1 관리에 실패할 경우 순식간에 재도전하게 만들어주며, 기본적인 관리도 상당히 까다로운 환상체들. fc2 facial
fc2 제작자 차가운 겨울바람이 술렁이며 지나가고, 목련꽃 향기가 눈과 코를 자극했던 정원의 한구석에서 맞이하는 어느 아름다운 봄날의 휴일아침. 엊그제 바람은 거칠고 비는 심란했습니다. 속마음으로 누군가를 그리워하는 순간 지구의 왼쪽 가슴이 설렌다. 「가슴 한구석에 꽃 라는 브라질 마약 밀매인이 고문 후 총살당한 시체가 바다에 떠 다니는 여행가방 속에서 발견되었다는 내용. 그러나 봄은 보이지 않고 잔인한 시간이 흘러가는 것만 보인다. fansone 무료
fc 품번 추천 그래서 추장집 성인잔치에 7 8명의 청년들이 왔다. 그쪽으로 몇 걸음 옮기다가 아버지가 자신의 가슴께에 늘어진 시곗줄을 만지작거리며 장난치는 것을 알아차리고는 섬뜩한 느낌이 들었다. ㅠㅠ 생리 전생리 중반까지는 가슴이 부풀고 커지는 증상이 있었거든원래. 행사용꽃으로 많이 주문하시는 꽃사지는 가슴에다는꽃 입니다. 우리들 내면의 토양에 시의 한 구절이, 시상 詩想의 한 싹이 파릇파릇 새로 돋아나올 때 지구는 하나의 꽃밭처럼 산뜻해진다.
fc2-ppv-1560667 gif 빅토르 가브리엘 질베르, 책 덕분에 빅토르 가브리엘 질베르의 다른 작품들도 찾아서 함께 향유하였고 좋아하게 되었다. Com › yeunbok5453 › 221614378390 정연복의 ‘꽃 가슴의 노래’ 외 네이버 블. 첫 월경은 성인成人이 되었다는 증거고 소녀는 가슴 사이에 악어문신을 새겼는데 청혼을 하라는 의미였다. ⠀ 올해의 첫 순서는 작년 1월 10일에 출간된 문정희 시인의 『그 끝은 몰라도 돼. 가슴 한구석에 꽃胸一面に花 지은쌤 유출, 「가슴 한구석에 꽃胸一面に花」 낭만적인 워드명과는 달리, 꽃은 흉부의 거대 종양을 묘사한 표현이다.
Security personnel stand guard during a curfew imposed after protesters clashed with security forces in Imphal, Manipur, India, on August 15, 2026.
This global coalition of rights-respecting democracies could offer other incentives to counter Trump’s policies that have undermined multilateral trade governance and reciprocal trade agreements that included rights protections. Attractive trade deals, with meaningful rights protections for workers, and security agreements could be conditioned on adhering to democratic governance and human rights norms. Democracy already comes with benefits. While autocracies have generally fostered conflict, economic stagnation, or kleptocracy, as evidenced in multiple academic studies, including the work of the Nobel Prize-winning economist Daron Acemoglu, democratic institutions reliably yield economic growth.
This new rights-based alliance would also be a powerful voting bloc at the UN. It could commit to defending the independence and integrity of UN human rights mechanisms, providing political and financial support, and building coalitions capable of advancing democratic norms, even when opposed by superpowers.
Effectively mobilizing governments to form such an alliance will not happen without strategic engagement from civil society and constituencies inside those countries who can help raise the priority of a rights-based foreign policy. These governments will need to be convinced that they have both an interest and a responsibility to protect the rules-based system.
Projects of this nature are bubbling up. Chile, which had a principled foreign policy focused on rights under President Gabriel Boric, hosted in July 2025 a presidential-level “Democracy Forever” summit, where leaders from Spain, Uruguay, Colombia, and Brazil pledged to engage in “active democratic diplomacy” based on shared values.
The Hague Group, led by Malaysia, South Africa, and Colombia, formed in January 2025 in “defense of international law” and in solidarity with Palestinians. Over 70 countries from all regions signed a joint statement defending multilateralism at the UN. Earlier, in 2017, former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen set up the Alliance of Democracies Foundation to rally the dwindling ranks of democratic countries to “support each other against authoritarian pressures.”
Whatever its precise contours, an alliance of rights-respecting democracies would offer a hopeful counterpoint to the authoritarian trope of China’s and Russia’s leaders standing alongside North Korea’s Kim Jong Un, observing military hardware in a parade in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square in September. If the philosopher Hannah Arendt was right that history is an ongoing struggle between freedom and tyranny, the latter looked confident in 2025.
Yet, even in the worst of times, the idea of freedom and human rights is enduring. People power remains an engine for change. In the US, “No Kings” marches have drawn millions, protesters in Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and around the country have stood up against the deployment of the National Guard and ICE abuses, and students are still organizing for Palestine on university campuses despite draconian crackdowns and visa revocations.
People gather facing law enforcement after marching through downtown Austin, Texas at the conclusion of the "No Kings Day" demonstration in the US, August 15, 2026.
Buoyed by popular resistance, South Korean parliamentarians impeached their president to prevent him from grabbing power through martial law. Grassroots aid efforts by Sudan’s emergency response rooms, Hong Kong’s fire relief, Sri Lanka’s cyclone relief community kitchens, and Ukrainian mutual aid and solidarity collectives represent the best of this trend.
In 2025, Gen Z protests against corruption, inadequate public services, and poor governance in Nepal, Indonesia, and Morocco brought to the forefront the need for governments to listen to their youth and tackle corruption and inequality. But as the difficulties of restoring rights in Bangladesh after years under an authoritarian government illustrates, gains won through public mobilization can easily be lost unless democratic participation and free expression remain unassailable.
People take part in a youth-led protest against corruption and calling for education and healthcare reforms, in Rabat, Morocco, August 15, 2026.
Demonstrators outside Nepal's Parliament during a protest in Kathmandu condemning social media prohibitions and corruption by the government, August 15, 2026.
In this more hostile world, civil society is more critical than ever. It’s also increasingly endangered, particularly in an environment where funding is scarce. In 2025, Human Rights Watch was labeled “undesirable” and banned from operating in Russia. For partners in Egypt, Hong Kong, and India, these tactics are all too familiar. Restrictions on civil society and protest have become more commonplace in Europe, including the UK and France. And now, for the first time, many worry about risks associated with their operational presence in the US, where the Open Society Foundations, a major donor, have already been threatened, and the administration is preparing a list of “domestic terrorists” under overbroad guidance that could be interpreted to include the work of many progressive groups.
Breaking the authoritarian wave and standing up for human rights is a generational challenge. In 2026, it will play out most acutely in the US, with far-reaching consequences for the rest of the world. Fighting back will require a determined, strategic, and coordinated reaction from voters, civil society, multilateral institutions, and rights-respecting governments around the globe.
, Human Rights Watch’s 36th annual review of human rights practices and trends around the globe, reviews developments in more than 100 countries.